One of the oldest and most enduring firearm types is the shotgun, which has seen significant evolution since its inception in the 16th century. Today, there exists a wide array of specialized shotgun variants tailored for various purposes.

Despite the considerable changes in shotgun design over time, one fundamental aspect has remained largely unchanged for well over a century—their ammunition. Unlike rifles that typically fire a single projectile from a cartridge, shotguns utilize shotshells, enabling the discharge of multiple projectiles simultaneously, setting them apart from rifles.

As you may be aware, modern shotshells are typically composed of a combination of brass and plastic, providing versatility in hosting various projectile types, ranging from conventional options like slugs and buckshot to more unique choices like flechette and dragon’s breath. This diversity makes shotguns a valuable addition to any firearm collection. Similar to rifles, shotguns are available in different chamberings.

For those unfamiliar, a shotgun's "gauge" is analogous to a rifle's "caliber." It refers to the size of the shell that the shotgun utilizes. While there are numerous gauge sizes available, the most common by far are the 12 and 20 gauge. We'll explore both gauges to highlight their differences and considerations to help you decide which one is suitable for your needs.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT GAUGE: FACTORS TO CONSIDER

So, what sets the 12 Gauge and 20 Gauge apart? Essentially, their size is the primary distinction. The 12-gauge boasts a bore diameter of .729 inches, whereas the 20 gauge measures .615 inches in diameter. Consequently, the larger size of the 12-gauge shell allows for more space to accommodate powder and shot, resulting in a larger payload.

However, this isn't to undermine the effectiveness of the 20-gauge shotshell. Although it may not pack as much punch as its larger counterpart, it can still be loaded with most of the shot sizes available for the 12 gauge.

If you're undecided about which gauge to choose, here are some factors to consider that may help you make a decision:

INTENDED USE

Shotguns serve a multitude of purposes beyond mere range enjoyment. They are commonly employed for home defense, sport shooting, and hunting, with many manufacturers offering specialized shotgun variants tailored to these specific purposes. Both the 12 and 20 gauge options excel in all these areas, boasting a wide array of shell loads for each.

However, depending on your intended use, opting for the 12 gauge over the 20 gauge might be more beneficial. In competitions, for example, 12-gauge shells are often mandated to ensure a level playing field. While there are competitions that allow the use of 20-gauge shells, they are less common and typically reserved for youth leagues.

Similarly, the 12 gauge is well-suited for hunting larger game like deer due to its wider ammo variety and increased effectiveness in taking down large animals. On the other hand, a 20-gauge shotgun is a solid choice for hunting smaller game such as birds and rabbits.

Despite the 20-gauge's lighter recoil, which makes shotguns easier to handle, its lower velocities and limited shot pellet counts render it less ideal for certain applications. For most purposes, 12-gauge shotgun shells are preferred for their higher velocities, greater shot diversity, and increased shot pellet capacity.

RECOIL MANAGEMENT AND COMFORT

While the 12 gauge generates more felt recoil due to its larger shell size, it also offers a greater payload capacity, thanks to its ability to hold more powder and pellets. Conversely, 20-gauge shotguns produce lighter recoil but lack the potency of the 12 gauge.

Ultimately, the choice between the two gauges comes down to personal preference. If you prioritize a softer recoil, the 20 gauge is a solid option, but if you don't mind the increased felt recoil and seek greater power, the 12 gauge is the superior choice.

AMMO AVAILABILITY

Both the 12 and 20 gauge are among the most popular shotgun chamberings, ensuring ample availability of ammunition for each. While most shot types available for the 12 gauge are also available for the 20 gauge, certain types such as 00 and 000 Buckshot are too large for 20-gauge shells.

Moreover, there isn't much disparity in cost between the two gauges, with prices for the same shot types typically being similar. However, bulk ammo options are more commonly found for 12-gauge shells, given their popularity in competitions and hunting. Standard ammo boxes typically range from approximately $8 to $20 for a box of 5 shells, though prices may vary based on sales and shot type.

SHOT PATTERNS

Several factors influence a shotgun's pattern, with the primary one being the choke. A choke is a device threaded into the end of a shotgun barrel that controls the spread of shot. Chokes help maintain tighter spreads over distance, improving accuracy for specific applications such as hunting and sport shooting.

Another consideration is the shell size. Larger shotshells can accommodate more projectiles. For instance, a standard 2 ¾-inch 12-gauge shotshell can hold eight pellets of 00 Buckshot, while a larger 3 ½-inch shell can hold up to twelve. This principle applies to 20-gauge shells and shot types as well. Generally, the more shot a shell can carry, the denser the pattern it will produce.

As a result, 12-gauge shotguns maintain a denser shot pattern over longer distances, making them more suitable for most long-distance applications. However, at closer ranges, the lower velocities and less dense shot patterns of 20-gauge shells make them excellent choices for upland bird hunting, small game hunting, and sport shooting. It's worth noting that opting for a 20-gauge shotgun means having fewer shot types to choose from.

WHICH SHOULD YOU PICK?

Either shell gauge can be a suitable option depending on your needs. Your specific requirements will determine which gauge is best suited for you. If you seek a firearm with minimal felt recoil yet versatility across multiple applications, the 20 gauge is an excellent choice. Conversely, if you don't mind greater recoil or desire access to higher-powered loads and larger shot sizes, the 12 gauge is the preferable option. It's important to note that the 12 gauge is suitable for nearly all purposes.

CONCLUSION

Despite the ongoing debate between 12 gauge and 20 gauge shotguns, both remain top choices among firearms enthusiasts due to their versatility, reliability, and enjoyment across various activities. However, determining which is the best option can be challenging, as they both have their strengths depending on the shotgun's intended purpose.

12 gauge shotshells, renowned for their higher recoil impulse, offer a broader range of shot load options and higher shot pellet counts, making them particularly well-suited for hunting and competitive shooting. Given that it's the standard gauge for most competitions and preferred for large game hunting, it stands out as a reliable choice.

On the other hand, 20 gauge shotguns boast a lighter recoil impulse but come with fewer shot size options and fewer shot pellets per shell. While this makes them more accessible for new enthusiasts or those seeking a less intense shooting experience, they lack the versatility of 12-gauge shotguns. Nonetheless, they excel in small game hunting and sporting clays, providing an enjoyable shooting experience.

Ultimately, the decision between12 gauge and 20 gauge comes down to personal preference and intended use. Whether you prioritize power and versatility or prefer a lighter recoil, both gauges offer their own unique advantages, ensuring an enjoyable shooting experience for enthusiasts of all levels.